This monograph consists of six chapters, each detailing a recent advancement in the field of engineering research. Chapter One proposes a new approach to the statistically proper analysis of the complex of the important mechanical properties such as tensile strength (), strain at break (), and Young's modulus (Е) of high-strength high-modulus oriented polymeric materials. Chapter Two proposes an approach to solving inverse problems of economic analysis using weighting factors based on the representation of the problem as an optimization one. Chapter Three explains the introduction of new OS kernel internals for new metrics for the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) and cloud performance prediction. Chapter Four presents an overview of the theory of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that includes the operation principle, the mathematical model for the effect of electromagnetic induction on neuronal cable, and developing an optimized design for the TMS system. Chapter Five analyses the implementation of two N3 compute-intensive embarrassingly parallel algorithms on multicore architectures using OpenMP and manycore architectures using OpenCL and CUDA to solve a problem of materials science (ie: the frequency of shears in the plastic deformation of metals). Lastly, Chapter Six deals with the main aspects of a multidisciplinary design optimization synthesis carried out for a novel spacecraft configuration able to perform a return mission from low Earth orbit, ending with a conventional landing on a horizontal runway.