This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include recent advances in rare earth doped lead-free oxyfluoride silicate glasses and glass-ceramics for optoelectronics and active fibre technology; supramolecular carriers for triclosan; a comparative method for evaluating the natural uranium isotopes 238U and 234U in waters; theoretical assessment of plasma gasification processes of low grade coal and biomass feedstock; potential applications of actuarial pension mathematics to chemical sciences; separation of XRD patterns to determine crystal structures of LiMnO2 showing anisotropic lattice strain as composites with chiral metal complexes; using folic acids to detect reactive oxygen species; surfactant-based extractions; evaluation of the possibility of using normalisation with cobalt in detection of anthropogenic heavy metals in sediments; effect of black chokeberry juice on diethylnitrosamine from precursors in in vitro experiments; the density functional theory investigations of the local structure of hydrated electron and di-electron; and carbonic anhydrase mediated biomimetic CO2 sequestration.