This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include the valorisation of fatty acids and terpenes in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts; physicochemical properties of acidic polysaccharides from seaweeds and their application to wheat flour noodle; the study of pre- and postnatal influence of ethanol on cortical and subcortical structures of the limbic system in the offspring of alcoholised female albino rats, as well as the possibility of correcting disorders caused by ethanol with antioxidants; application of ozone for pulsed chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition of thin films used in integrated circuit technology; a non-traditional method of obtaining water-soluble derivatives of high-molecular-weight chitosan; advances in synthetic approaches, functionalisation and biological properties of quinoxaline derivatives; the synthesis, reactions and applications of ylides; and research on the luminescent hydrophobic carbon quantum dots.