In the first chapter, Ahmed Marroki and Leila Bousmaha-Marroki provide an overview on Lactic Acid Bacteria, along with non-lab probiotics strains, in dairy products in order to determine their benefits in the prevention and treatment of human diarrhea. Afterwards, Riccardo De Robertis, MD, Nicolò Cardobi, MD, Paolo Tinazzi Martini, MD, and Mirko D’Onofrio, MD discuss biliary obstruction and its standards of care in the second chapter. In the third chapter, Tania Ramos-Moreno, Ph.D. reviews several autoimmune diseases to determine how they might affect brain development and mental health. Next, Simon B Cooper and Fenghua Sun discuss the way carbohydrates impact the glycaemic index throughout the fourth chapter. In the fifth chapter, Rachel Malcolm and Simon B Cooper review evidence on the impact of exercise on cognitive function in young people and adults, as well as the effect of exercise on age-related atrophy. Ching-fen Hsu presents a study with the goal of determining the problem of contextual integration of philological items into sentences for persons with Williams syndrome in chapter seven. Following, Carlos Ramírez-García presents a discussion of research on bicycle helmet use in children in chapter eight.