A Comprehensive Guide to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) begins by describing the general characteristics, classification, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and adverse effects of NSAIDs. The adverse effects of NSAIDs, drug interactions and their clinical applications in neurological diseases, headaches, and cerebrovascular diseases are discussed. These drugs are also often used in dermatology, especially in the treatment of dermatosis. Extensive information concerning NSAIDs and dermatological diseases is provided. A broad perspective on the role of NSAIDs in infectious diseases is also provided. The next chapter discusses findings concerning the effects of NSAIDs on bone and tendon healing, together with cellular and molecular factors. The authors suggest that NSAIDs may be a risk factor for tissue healing. Diclofenac sodium (DS), widely used in urology clinics, exhibits dose-dependent side effects on various systems. This chapter suggests that nanoparticle technology can be applied to the oral form of DS in order to reduce its side-effects. The effects of NSAIDs on the reproductive systems of both sexes are also evaluated. Both genders make extensive use of NSAIDs during infertility treatment. Another chapter focuses on how DS affects spermatogenesis. The authors suggest that DS causes histopathological changes in the testes by disrupting the nutrition of testicular cells and impairing complete testis functions. Men wishing to have children should therefore use this drug with caution. The authors also review the effects of NSAIDs on prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. In the following chapter, the authors examine the role of NSAIDs in gynaecology and obstetrics. Advances in the use of NSAIDs and melatonin in reproductive medicine for both sexes are discussed. The authors describe the biological roles of NSAIDs and melatonin in human reproduction, diseases, pregnancy, and assisted reproductive treatment. The subsequent chapter highlights the side-effects of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal system. This book goes on to assess how DS affects the nervous system in the light of molecular and cellular analysis. The authors first explore the dose-dependent effects of DS on the nervous system. They then examine the potential neuroprotective / neurotoxic effects of DS on the nervous system, including the spinal cord, brain, cerebellum and peripheral nerves. The effects of DS on the adult hippocampus are assessed based on experimental studies. The purpose of this section is to highlight the relationship between oxidative stresses and the role of antioxidants in reducing DS toxicity. The importance of melatonin administration against pre- and postnatal DS toxicity in the nervous system is evaluated in several chapters. Recent findings suggest that prenatal exposure to NSAIDs causes an alteration in the morphology of optic nerve fibres based on stereological, histological and electron microscopic analysis. The authors evaluate histomorphometric results from light and electron microscopic analysis of the effects of prenatal DS exposure on male fertility. Numerous studies have shown that all elements of the male system are affected by this exposure. Lastly, the authors specifically focus on Sertoli cells and suggest that prenatal DS exposure produces toxic effects on Sertoli cell morphology.