Nanomaterials (NMs) or nanoparticles (NPs) are the small objects which behave as a simple single unit ranging in size from 1-100 nm. Chapter One is intended to provide detailed information on various aspects of nanomaterials including the types, characterisation, methods of preparation, physicochemical properties, optical and thermal properties and various applications. Chapter Two provides comprehensive information regarding the characteristics, advantages, composition, methods of preparation, factors affecting formulation, characterisation, applications, safety and toxicological considerations and future prospects for the use and preparation of nanosponges (NS). In Chapter Three, the fundamentals and applications of the mainstream top-down nanolithography techniques, which have been successfully applied in the fabrication of the graphene-based nano devices (such as the graphene nano-ribbon electronics, graphene quantum dot devices, graphene-based nano sensors and so on) are described. And in Chapter Four, the detailed method of tuning the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the AFM electric lithography is introduced and analysed.