The chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapter One provides an overview of normal variations of pigmentation and the most common pigment abnormalities. Chapter Two focuses on reviewing the clinical onset of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the most appropriate measures to manage the disease and its long-term outcomes. Chapter Three demonstrates that CO2 emission is the indicator of metabolic processes that determine anesthesia adequacy. Chapter Four provides an up-to-date reflection upon the probable research applications of exocrine pancreatic cells generated from patient specific iPSC. Chapter Five discusses experimental factors that should be considered when imaging luciferase activity in live cells, including choosing among commercially available beetle luciferase enzymes based on their kinetic and bioluminescence properties. Chapter Six discuses ex vivo purging of residual iPS cells for safer clinical applications. Chapter Seven discusses the role of scavenger receptors in macrophages and endothelial cells, and describes the protective effects of dietary components mediated by scavenger receptors. Chapter Eight considers a simple mathematical model to describe the behavior of both high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strains in a domestic bird population with culling. Chapter Nine reviews the most important molecular mechanisms reported in the literature to underlie imidazole and triazole resistance in Candida species. Chapter Ten gives insight on developments of PET probes based on tetrapyrrolic structures for cancer detection.