The chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One researches recent topics in retinal ganglion cells. Chapter Two provides a review of acetylsalicylic acid resistance. Chapter Three analyses the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on myocardial diseases. Chapter Four focuses on the role of diet in the composition and activity of gut microbiota. Chapter Five examines data on the Maillard reaction as a cause of stochastic damage in E. coli, and subsequently, of E. coli aging. Chapter Six studies haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. Chapter Seven discusses animal models of respiratory distress in neonates. Chapter Eight presents professional training in the work-up of bleeding disorders in women. Chapter Nine investigates microbial dynamics characterisation during the composting process of organic wastes.