The United States is one of several countries encouraging production and sales of fully electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles to reduce oil consumption, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided federal financial support to develop a domestic lithium-ion battery supply chain for electric vehicles. President Obama has called for 1 million fully electric vehicles to be on U.S. roads by 2015. In making a national commitment to building electric vehicles and most of their components in the United States, the federal government has invested $2.4 billion in electric battery production facilities and nearly $80 million a year for electric battery research and development. This book examines the nascent battery manufacturing industry and considers efforts to strengthen U.S. capacity to manufacture batteries and battery components for hybrid and electric vehicles.