The extensive role of erythropoietin (EPO) going beyond the hematopoietic system has generated renewed interest in this recombinant protein as a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. This book presents current research in the study of the human production, potential uses and adverse effects of erythropoietin. Topics discussed include the regulatory role of erythropoietin in the homeostatic system of the body; erythropoietin's use in the in vitro management of anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa; neurosurgical applications for erythropoietin administration; and in vitro studies to provide insight and understanding of the biological effects of EPO.