Agent-based models (ABM) and computational models simulate the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organisations or groups) with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole. They combine elements of game theory, complex systems, emergence, computational sociology, multi-agent systems, and evolutionary programming. In this book, the authors discuss the modelling, simulation and optimisation of resources management in hospital emergency departments using the agent-based approach; computational modelling in male reproduction; consumer-centric agent-based marketing models; Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of transport phenomena in agroindustrial biosystems; agent-based models in cancer prevention research; model-based approaches to diagnosis of multi-agent plans; and modelling behaviour of web users as agents with reason and sentiment.