This volume contains nine chapters that detail advances in health and disease. Chapter One provides an overview of stress and mental health problems among students in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chapter Two addresses general aspects of allergy development and, as a model, structural studies for an essential group of allergenic proteins, the 2S albumins. Chapter Three reviews recent studies on the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of the most common diseases of the oral cavity. Chapter Four emphasizes and sheds light on the critical role of Interleukin-17 as a mediator in the pathogenesis of and potential target for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Chapter Five focuses on the application of physical and chemical principles to better understand and treat xerosis cutis (dry skin). Chapter Six displays that game theory provides a suitable framework to model the intensive care unit cost and study the cooperation between clinical units in a hospital. Chapter Seven examines personality theories that have dealt with anxiety. Chapter Eight discusses the Markov model. Lastly, Chapter Nine provides an updated report of the employment of induced pluripotent stem cells as a model to study adverse drug reactions.