In Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 76, the molecular drivers associated with prostate cancers at different stages which can be exploited as drug targets are discussed. This information will be useful for designing rational targeted therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease. Following this, the authors discuss lung cancer early diagnosis with traditional and alternative approaches. In lung cancer, smoking exposure has been identified as the main causative agent in smokers. A critical appraisal of the different updated techniques in the mediastinal staging of lymph nodes in lung cancer is provided. The authors also provide an overview of colorectal cancer and Ca2+ signalling in cells, focusing their discussion on a specific component of the Ca2+ signalling machinery, the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 channel. Breast cancer, a serious public health problem, is assessed, maintaining that women need accurate and effective information in order to attain early diagnosis. Lastly, a simple technique to decreases cell-culture pH while maintaining sterile technique is described.