This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are study results on the neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine; the neurotoxic and inflammatory mediators elicited by astrocytes and microglia in response to myelin basic protein (MBP); neuroimaging advances in the neurocircuitry of post-traumatic disorder (PTSD); invasive and non-invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure; basal ganglia and neurological soft signs in schizophrenia; magnetic and non-magnetic iron-oxide deposits in basal ganglia; N-acetylcysteine and its use in the treatment of addictive disorders; EEG processing and feature extraction for objective diagnosis of neuronal diseases as ADHD; neuronal cell regeneration in the olfactory bulb; and fMRI images processing with machine learning techniques.