This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is research on the symptoms, causes and treatment options of allodynia; the role of environmental toxins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); the prevalence estimates from the national ALS registry of ALS in the United States; pharmacological management of akathisia; increasing serum sodium concentration in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury; medial prefrontal cortex alterations induced by drugs of abuse; study updates on drugs for CNS disorders; characterisation of cytoarchitecture of dendrites and fibre neurons using the Golgi-cox method; unusual allodynia associated with cluster headache; and calculating consciousness correlates at multiple scales of neocortical interactions.