In 2012, the federal government provided over $850 million to 185 Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) schools that serve about 41,000 Indian students living on or near reservations. BIE is a part of the Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior, and BIE's director is responsible for managing education functions at all BIE schools. BIE's mission is to provide quality education opportunities to Indian students. This book studies the extent to which BIE is achieving its mission. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) examined (1) how student performance at BIE schools compares to that of public school students; (2) what challenges, if any, BIE schools face assessing student performance; and (3) what management challenges, if any, affect BIE and its mission.