Every year over one million children die from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa alone, and about 500 million new cases are registered world-wide annually. Today, malaria is not longer limited to poor areas of world, but has returned to southern European countries, such as Italy, France, and some countries in the Caucasus. Children are most vulnerable to this disease, and in Africa, childhood deaths from malaria account for about 90% of the total human deaths from this disease. Primaquine has strong anti-parasitic effects against the malarial gametocytes and therefore prevent the spread of the parasite to mosquitoes from infected patients undergoing treatment. This book examines the problems related to malaria and anti-malarial drugs.