The banking system in Europe is large in relation to the economy. It is characterized by universal banking, and driven by a significant number of globally active national champions that are systemically important. Banks perform a vital role for the economy. But their leverage and deposit funding makes them inherently vulnerable to bank runs. Axel Wieandt’s role as former CEO of Hypo Real Estate, which he assumed immediately after the Lehman crisis in the fall of 2008, makes him uniquely placed to both examine the causes of the current situation of the European banking system and make suggestions for getting it back on track. His starting point is a comprehensive description of the European banking system and an analysis of the role of banks in the economy. He goes on to examine the root causes and implications of the Great Financial Crisis for the European banking system. He argues for full implementation of Banking Union with greater emphasis on market discipline and accountability.