Diverse phytochemical functions on vegetables and fruits are discussed. Each chapter of Volume 5 describes the components and health effects. These include: the nutritional/benfetial compounds of turmeric, followed by the mechanism and exacerbation of neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia on protective effects of a mushroom Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, anti-arthritis medicinal compounds for arthritis and joint ailments, medicinal phytochemicals and health effects in a tropical fruit Garcinia indica (kokum), as well as the metabolomic investigation of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry). These chapters will provide more advanced information to researchers studying novel chemotherapeutic development.