In 1989, the nephrology community was confronted with the combination of high tech and high flux, realising for the first time that short, but mathematically "adequate" therapy resulted in unacceptable outcomes. This book discusses issues that doctors must pay close attention to; those that cause the greatest harm to patients. New discoveries prove that chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes a muscle wasting syndrome, and that epo hyporesponsiveness harbingers a variety of underlying etiologies. From renowned surgeons, doctors are gaining practical insights into methods to improve arteriovenous fistula survival and cardiovascular surgery outcomes. The book applies the new information that can now be accessed to meet the personal needs of these patients.