The link between physical activity and health benefits has been intuitively known for years. Moreover, medical literature clearly demonstrates that physical activity positively affects a number of parameters related to health and longevity. In this book, current evidence about physical training in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is reviewed, focusing on the mechanism by which it determines its beneficial effects, including its link to inflammatory response. In addition, this book examines whether the exercise pace self-selected by individuals is adequate to produce an exercise intensity able to promote benefits in cardiorrespiratory fitness and health. The effects of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) are also explored, as well as the other important roles of CEPT, such as its use in cardiac reconditioning. In addition, a fundamental understanding of age-associated normohemodynamic state is described for comparison data and for improved means of aerobic exercise fitness and performance. Treadmill exercise test parameters are important to identify patients with increased mortality risks, which would otherwise remain unrecognised and untreated. Thus, the association between peripheral arterial disease (PAD), treadmill exercise test parameters and long-term outcomes are discussed in this book.