Chapter 1 describes (1) FDA's authority to regulate tobacco products; (2) general requirements for manufacturers of tobacco products, many of which are modeled after medical product requirements; (3) requirements that are unique to tobacco product manufacturers, distributors, importers, and retailers; and (4) compliance and enforcement. It concludes with a discussion of policy issues and considerations for Congress. The objective of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is to protect people from the consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke by providing a framework for implementing tobacco control measures at the national, regional, and international levels. Chapter 2 examines U.S. agencies' funding and activities related to global tobacco control in fiscal years 2015 through 2018. In 2009, CHIPRA increased and equalized federal excise tax rates for cigarettes, roll-your-own tobacco, and small cigars but did not equalize tax rates for pipe tobacco and large cigarsâ€products that can be cigarette substitutes. Chapter 3 examines (1) the market shifts among smoking tobacco products since CHIPRA, (2) the estimated effects on federal revenue if the market shifts had not occurred, and (3) what is known about the revenue effects if Congress were to eliminate current tax disparities between smoking tobacco products. Since the 1990s, Congress has enacted restrictions regarding the use of certain appropriated funds to promote U.S. tobacco exports. Chapter 4 examines (1) guidance select U.S. agencies have issued to implement these restrictions, (2) whether overseas officials from select U.S. agencies were aware of the restrictions and guidance, and (3) select U.S. agencies' implementation of the guidance overseas.