This book aims to describe the physics of the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects (QHE) from a theoretical side. In the classical Hall effe...

Bosons are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states. As a result, they obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The spin-statistics th...

Quantum field theory was invented to deal simultaneously with special relativity and quantum mechanics, the two greatest discoveries of early twent...

Cosmology deals with the nature of the universe. It can be broadly divided into three great ages. The first began in the 6th century BC with the Py...

A quantum dot is a particle of matter so small that the addition or removal of an electron changes its properties in some useful way. All atoms are...

Although the various branches of physics differ in their experimental methods and theoretical approaches, certain general principles apply to all o...

The book first considers that the evolution of quantum operators is canonical with the total Hamiltonian, and that the generator of the temporal ev...