This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is the regeneration and functional recovery of visual pathways by peripheral nerve graft in adult mammals; molecular mechanisms integrating adenylyl cyclase responsiveness to metabolic control on long-term emotional memory; ketamine as a treatment for major depression, mood disorders and epilepsy; neuroenergetic and neuroprotective effects of hydroxy acids in the central nervous system; frontal lobe symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and dementia; carbon fibres in the brain; and visual illusion perception and cognitive phenotype of children with Down Syndrome.