Biotechnology has proven to be one of the more fruitful technological approaches in science today; being both very powerful, and able to generate valuable intellectual property. This book aims to present examples in the applications of molecular biology and genetic engineering. This book shows how areas as diverse as agrofood technology, fine chemistry, detergents, bioremediation and biosensors are receiving significant contributions from biotechnology approaches. The fundamental principles that underpin all biotechnologies are explained and a full range of examples are discussed to show how these principles are applied; from starting substrates to the final product. The challenges on these aspects and methodologies inspired us to edit this book.