Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and engineering involving the quantification of information. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the new developments in information theory, including information theory as applied to the analysis of biological sequences; information theory based on fractional calculus via modified Riemann-Liouville derivates; two-phase flows entropy in gravity cascade separation; the role of information theory in gene regulatory network inference; Quantum Information Processing (QIP) and the link between information processing and physics.