Many advances have recently been made in metaheuristic methods, from theory to applications. The community of researchers claiming the relevance of their work to the field of metaheuristics is growing faster and faster, despite the fact that the term itself has not been precisely defined. This book discusses theoretical developments in metaheuristics, adaptation of discrete metaheuristics to continuous optimisation, performance comparisons of metaheuristics, co-operative methods combining different approaches, parallel and distributed metaheuristics for multi-objective optimisation, software implementations, and real-world applications.