In this book, the authors present current research in the study of in vivo imaging. Topics discussed include nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of metabolites in plants and animals; the design and application of magnetic-based theranostic nanoparticle systems, an investigation on their potentially harmful effects and an exploration of their future role in personalised medicine; an overview of techniques for in vivo bone imaging, including X-ray, micro-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT/PET nuclear imaging technologies, and ultrasound; and the in vivo imaging of the central nervous system anatomy, fibre connectivity and functional activity.