This book discusses new research on nanosheets and nanospheres. Chapter One provides a review of the incorporation of, in particular, carbon nanosheets such as graphene and derivatives such as graphene oxide into polymeric and ceramic membranes for applications in a wide variety of industries. Chapter Two summarizes some representative works of applications of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets in sensor platforms. Chapter Three introduces on a new functionality exhibited by polymer nanosphere multilayered organization, a new type of molecular organization, and the relationship between their structure and function. Chapter Four summarizes recent advances in the electrochemical oxygen-relative reactions, such as oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction by using electrocatalysts of graphene and its derivatives and also other 2D materials.