The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the nation's measurement and standards laboratory, established by the U.S. Congress in 1901. Today, NIST's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. To enable accurate and precise measurements at the nanoscale, NIST is conducting scientific research in fundamental nanoscale properties, developing appropriate standards and is providing calibrations and traceability to basic standard international (SI) units. This book examines current research in the study of nanotechnology, as well as various techniques established by the NIST.