This volume includes eight chapters that present recent advances in materials science research. Chapter One discusses the potential for the development of active and intelligent packaging for food, pharmaceutical, and medicinal products using sodium alginate. Chapter Two explores the fractal dimension and phase transition of polymeric materials. Chapter Three reviews applications of composite materials based on renewable and biodegradable natural fibers. Chapter Four analyzes the challenges, benefits, and processes involved in metal matrix composites. Chapter Five presents the current uses of polymer composites as a building material and their possible future trends. Chapter Six is a critical review of research into the regeneration of natural minerals in dentin of teeth using nanomaterials and fibrous structures. Chapter Seven reviews the structural stability of perovskite halide compounds. Finally, Chapter Eight discusses strategies for designing more efficient hematite photoanodes towards water oxidation reactions.