The book provides different avenues to study algorithms. It also brings new techniques and methodologies to problem solving in computational Sciences, Engineering, Scientific Computing and Medicine (imaging, radiation therapy) to mention a few. A plethora of algorithms which are universally applicable is presented on a sound analytical way. The chapters are written independently of each other, so they can be understood without reading earlier chapters. But some knowledge of Analysis, Linear Algebra and some Computing experience is required. The organization and content of the book cater to senior undergraduate, graduate students, researchers, practitioners, professionals and academicians in the aforementioned disciplines. It can also be used as a reference book and includes numerous references and open problems.