This volume contains seven chapters that detail advances in materials science research. Chapter One discusses carbon-based sensing platforms based on glassy carbon, carbon paste, and boron-doped diamond electrodes and their modifications for the detection of pesticides and vitamins as selected organic compounds. Chapter Two focuses on the most up-to-date developing materials with improved light absorption and charge separation properties for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chapter Three reviews some of the basic trends in the application of the triazines (for synthesis of dyes, color luminophores, optical brighteners, stabilizators for polymeric materials and surfactants). Chapter Four discusses multifunctional composite materials. Chapter Five addresses multifunctional advanced ceramics in aerospace and aeronautical engineering. Chapter Six investigates the vibrational behavior and bandgap formation in locally resonant metamaterial beams with piezoelectric and mechanical resonators. Lastly, Chapter Seven discusses the welding methods used extensively in shipyards and the harmful emissions caused by these methods.