Petroleum has played a crucial role in the socio-economic and political welfare of the world. It is a non-renewable form of energy and has an increasing demand in this modern era. To fulfil the demands, the conventional sources of oil reserves are being stressed and are nearly drought. Also, the burning of fossil fuel emits toxic gases contributing to environmental pollution and global warming. The concern about environmental deterioration helped scientists to invent ways to make bio-based products. These bio-based products can replace the use of gasoline, diesel, oil, plastics and much more. Among all the bio-based products, biofuel is the most noticed one for being humanity’s first liquid fuel. Biofuels are important for various reasons including reduced environmental impact, an alternative source of energy, and a boost in economic development. In this book, detailed production of biofuels from non-conventional bio-feedstocks and advanced biofuels production have been discussed.