This compilation opens with a review of the clinical and preclinical studies that reproduce type 1 diabetes, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, along with an analysis of the complications at the central level, as well as cognitive impairment and its relation with dementia. Continuing, the authors review the typical neurocognitive deficits associated with alcohol exposure in pregnancy; the relationship between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder; and the combined effects of alcohol and drug abuse. In addition, recent literature summarizing the main roles of sirtuin 2 in the central nervous system is addressed in an attempt to understand the relationship between sirtuin 2, senescence and neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between biological motion, emotions, and theory of mind in people with neurodevelopmental disorders is examined. Specifically, the authors use bottom-up and top-down investigations to systematically uncover behavioral and neurological patterns of biological motion perception in people with Williams syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and Down syndrome. One study deals with the definition of consciousness, the description of the neural substrates that have been associated with it, and the examination of the main interpretative models. In closing, theory of mind as an implication of empowerment is explored using empirical data on social competence development among children.