This edited volume presents six chapters detailing recent progress in the field of cancer research. Chapter One discusses the current information available regarding chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, including definition, prevalence, pathophysiology at nerve fibers, risk factors, physiology of specific antineoplastic agents on the peripheral nervous system, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment methods. Chapter Two aims to substantiate the value of tumor-associated circulating and tissue miRNAs for assessing both the aggressiveness of the malignant process course and the sensitivity to neoadjuvant polychemotherapy (NPCT) in breast cancer patients of various molecular subtypes. Chapter Three summarizes the current role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in cell aging, its dual functions in the balance of proliferation and apoptosis pathways and the current knowledge of not only the physiological but also the pathophysiological missions of NF-κB and its potential role as a target of therapeutic intervention against breast cancer. Chapter Four deals with 5-aminolevulinic acid radiodynamic therapy for treatment of high-grade gliomas. Chapter Five presents a literature review to identify the possible role of sex hormone receptors in gender variation and sexual dimorphism in the genesis and progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Lastly, Chapter Six discusses the risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the second most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy.