This volume is the proceeding of the Second Moscow International Congress on 'Biotechnology' which was held from 10 to 14 November 2003. The conference included: Fundamental researches and biotechnology; Biotechnology and medicine; Biotechnology and agriculture; Biotechnology and industry; Biotechnology and environment; Biotechnology and food products; Biotechnology and biocatalytic technology; Nanotechnology and biotechnology; Biotechnology and education. This broad spectrum of fields is very important for research, development and production.