Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, is characterised pathologically by extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, pathophysiologically by synaptic dysfunction, and clinically by a progressive dementia. The rapid progress in the research fields of AD and dementia continues since the publication of the first book volume with the same title. This second book volume contains 14 chapters, bringing together a presentation of research frontiers in current AD/dementia research. The topics range from defining deregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and neurotransmitter and signal molecules involved in regulation of APP processing, transgenic AD mouse models and their relevance to AD research, amyloid -peptide (A) immunisation, cerebral inflammation, myelin breakdown, roles of deregulation of cell cycle in AD pathology, relationship between cholesterol and AD, A binding to cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation, A-binding alcohol dehydrogenase and roles in AD pathogenesis, sex steroids, oestrogen therapy for AD prevention, behavioural and psychological symptoms of AD, memantine for AD therapy, enoxaparin as a therapeutic agent for AD, to molecular links between AD and traumatic brain injury. The prospects for developing effective therapeutic agents that target memory-relevant AD pathogenesis, as shown in these chapters written by world-wide leaders in the fields, are more encouraging. The book will be highly valuable to students and scientists world-wide who are interested in the scientific research progress in AD and dementia.