Oesophageal cancer is malignancy of the oesophagus. Esophageal tumours usually lead to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain and other symptoms, and are diagnosed with biopsy. Small and localised tumours are treated with surgery, and advanced tumours are treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or combinations. This book presents an in depth look into the identification and treatment of oesophageal cancer. This includes identification of oesophageal squamous cells, epidemiology of oesophageal cancer, atypical regenerative hyperplasia of the oesophagus, genomic instability and gene therapy.