There has been a remarkable upsurge in the importance of high power lasers in the past decade. This book presents an overall survey of recent advances in high peak power solid lasers and reviews recent results in the interaction of high power laser pulses with various dielectric materials containing metal nanoparticles. This book also presents the basics as well as the theory of a single crystal photo-elastic modulator and a consideration of modern approaches to the synthesis of diffractive optical elements for technological IR-laser beams focusing. During ultrafast laser interaction with metal, the electrons and lattices are not in equilibrium. This book presents various two-temperature models that can be used to describe the non-equilibrium heat transfer as well as the results of techniques in high power femtosecond laser machining of metals. This book presents an overview of the current state of the art in the field of femtosecond technology with a special emphasis on the research of high-intensity laser-matter interactions. An investigation of non-linear excitation imaging technique including two-photon autofluorescence and second harmonic generated signal imaging is presented to investigate the microstructures of whole-mount corneal, retinal, and scleral tissues in their native environment. Finally, included is a review of recent semi-classical excited-state dynamics simulation results of some complex molecular systems and a report of the dynamics of confined excitons when several exciton states are excited.