The Bureau of the Census Director's constitutional mandate to enumerate the U.S. population every 10 years has been summarized with deceptive simplicity: count each person whose usual residence is in the United States; count the person only once and count him or her at the right location. In reality, the attempt to find all U.S. residents and correctly enumerate them is increasingly complicated, expensive and it attracts congressional scrutiny. This book discusses the major innovations that were planned for the 2010 census; problems encountered, issues of census accuracy, coverage and fairness and the present status of census operations.