This book discusses the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Modernization Act of 2010 as the administration begins its implementation. The act offers many important opportunities to focus attention on successfully improving the effectiveness of government programs and operations, and addresses significant fiscal, performance, and management challenges facing the federal government. The federal government is the world's largest and most complex entity, with about $3.5 trillion in outlays in the fiscal year of 2010 that fund a broad array of programs and operations. Long-term simulations of the government's financial condition underscore the need to begin addressing the long-term federal fiscal outlook.