This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is the regulation of neuronal morphology and plasticity by small GTP-binding proteins and its implication in autism and mental retardation; memory and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease with neuroinflammation due to ageing, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea; processing magnitudes within the parietal cortex; cognitive impairment in system lupus erythematosus; and compensatory memory processes in mild cognitive impairment.