This book reviews important literature to provide insight into the mechanisms and technical aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD is a harshly under-utilised modality of renal replacement. Continuous PD can enjoy weekly solute clearances approaching those with hemodialysis. Recent clinical research data indicates at least an initial survival advantage as well as better preservation of residual renal function of patients started on PD as compared to those initiated on hemodialysis. Recent advances in knowledge of mechanisms and new technological advances including development of advanced dialysis solutions have potential to improvise PD to extend its initial survival advantage to long-term treatment.