This compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is white matter hyperintensities and major affective disorders; neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system; the beneficial consequences of oxytocin on motherhood and offspring cognitive development; premotor cortex and primary motor cortex in action language comprehension; pain treatment by tDCS of the human primary motor cortex; neurotransmitter synthesis by newborn neurons in the penumbral cortex; central auditory processing alterations in phonological dyslexia; participation of the hippocampus in memory function; and the motor cortex under hypoxia.