Nanoscale science, engineering, and technology -- commonly referred to collectively as nanotechnology -- is believed by many to offer extraordinary economic and societal benefits. Congress has demonstrated continuing support for nanotechnology and has directed its attention primarily to three topics that may affect the realisation of this hoped for potential federal research and development (R&D) in nanotechnology; U.S. competitiveness; and environmental, health, and safety (EHS) concerns. This book provides an overview of these topics, and two others which are nanomanufacturing, and public understanding of and attitudes toward nanotechnology.