This book explores the most recent developments in earth science research. Chapter One discusses the geologic and ancient history of Dahr Safra, Syria. Chapter Two reviews the geographical distribution and geological occurrence of diatom ooze to diatomaceous sediments (diatomite) around the Japanese Islands, the Bering Sea and the Pacific coastal side of Peru and Chile, South America. Chapter Three explores the nature of tectonics and of axial tilt of the Earth. Chapter Four examines the major defects in the Toledo Bend Dam. Chapter Five proposes a projected-Gradient method for joint nonnegative matrix factorization to pansharpen multispectral data. Chapter Six discusses the main types of uranium deposits formed in a variety of geological and tectonic environments. Chapter Seven studies the unmixing of geological events by Gaussian deconvolution on Th-U-Pb age multicomponent data of monazite crystals of granite from São Francisco Craton (Brazil). Chapter Eight focuses on the properties and uses of the lanthanide series. Chapter Nine discusses concurrent design optimization of satellites and reconfigurable constellations. Chapter Ten assesses and compares vegetation indices, surface emissivity models and split-window algorithms used to estimate surface temperature from satellite images.