This question is discussed with the example of the Ukrainian Shevchenko Scientific Society in Habsburg Galicia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This young institution was the only centre of the Ukrainian scholarly community during this period, enabling investigation into nascent Ukrainian science through the history of this association. Although this book deals with a group of nationalizing scholars, the focus is not exclusively on conflicts, but rather on European entanglements as well as the possibilities, limits, and delineations of Ukrainian science in its pursuit of justifying the existence of Ukraine.