European romanticism was not only heterogeneous and internally disputed. She also had to defend herself against the Enlightenment and Classicism that lived on around the time of the French Revolution. Classicists viewed romanticism as an accumulation of renegade "new schools" that threatened the monopoly of the Classical tradition. The bitter debates in aesthetics and politics were conducted on both sides with the traditional strategies of the classic "ars disputandi". Under the heaviest satirical fire, romanticism began to see itself as a movement, and the problematic contrast between "classic" and "romantic" developed. However, this construction was indispensable to clarify the fronts in the confusion of voices, and it remained so in literary and cultural studies, which cannot do without such subsumption. The Classical tradition, which includes Christianity, turns out to be an ongoing process from antiquity to the present day.