This volume includes seven chapters that describe recent advances in biology. Chapter One reviews and discusses the enzymes and methods for bioproduction of the rare sugars of D-allulose, D-allose, allitol, L-xylulose, L-xylose, and L-ribose. Chapter Two analyzes the properties of mKATP channels and functional and bioenergetic effects of ATP-sensitive K+ transport. Chapter Three describes interactions of bilirubin with several proteins and the effects of these interactions on the protein’s structure and function. Chapter Four provides an overview of Panton Valentine Leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus Aureus pneumonia and its therapeutic strategy. Chapter Five discusses the reunification of chemical and biochemical thermodynamics. Chapter Six includes a study of the in-vitro activity of eftolozane/tazobactam against pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacterales isolates from Taiwan. Finally, Chapter Seven examines elevated levels of caspase-3 in cerebrospinal fluid of newborns with perinatal asphyxia as a biomarker of failing mitochondrial bioenergetics.